Pedestrian crosswalks integration with pedestrian sites

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City and Regional Planning, Izmir, 2002Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 126-133)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxii, 133 leavesDevelopments and changes in transportation systems caused disharmony in urban patterns in general while they have resulted in rapid access opportunities, because both pedestrian and vehicle needs have equally been imposed on existing of urban patterns. Different countries have different approaches for designing the circulation system in the cities depending on their socio-economic structures and political systems. In the developed countries pedestrians are not neglected, on the contrary, they are considered as much as vehicles. Opposed to this, in the developing countries, the pedestrian needs are ignored with respect to security, comfort, convenience, aesthetic, and continuity aspects. Particularly, the disabled are effected heavily from this ignorance. The aim of this study is to develop an optimisation of design criteria for safe pedestrian crossings that link pedestrian areas; and to test these criteria though made a design projects on Adana. The methodology used in the study consists of three steps: Theoretical, analytical, and pragmatical. Theoretical step consists of literature survey, analytical step includes analysis of the selected problem areas as pedestrian crossing, and finally pragmatic step proposes a way of problem system for the pedestrian crossings on D-400 National road in Adana. In this respect, Türkkuşu Junction was selected which has the high volume both vehicle and pedestrian for design

Changes in the protein, lipid and carbohydrate composition of Achroia grisella Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae contaminated with lead

Bu çalışmada, kurşunun Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvalarının protein, lipit ve karbohidrat miktarlarına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Larvalar farklı konsantrasyonlarda kurşun (50, 100 ve 200 mg/kg besin) ile kontamine edilen yapay bir besin ortamında yetiştirilmiştir. Kültür hazırlama ve tüm deneyler 16A:8K fotoperiyot, 25 ± 2 °C sıcaklık, %60 ± 5 bağıl nem içeren bir ortamda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biyokimyasal analizlerde son evre A. grisella larvaları kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, kurşun uygulamasının 50 ve 200 mg/kg kurşun konsantrasyonlarında larvaların protein miktarında önemli bir azalmaya neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Larvaların karbohidrat ve lipit miktarları 100 ve 200 mg/kg kurşun konsantrasyonlarında kontrol grubuna göre önemli ölçüde düşmüştür.In this study, the impact of lead on protein, lipid and carbohydrate amounts of Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae was investigated. Larvae were maintained on an artificial diet contaminated with different concentrations of lead (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg diet). Culturing and all experiments were carried out in a room with a 16L:8D photoperiod, at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% relative humidity conditions. Last instar A. grisella larvae were used for the biochemical analysis. The obtained data showed that lead application resulted in a considerable decrease in the protein amount of the larvae at 50 and 200 mg/kg lead concentrations. Carbohydrate and lipid amounts of larvae declined significantly at 100 and 200 mg/kg lead concentrations with respect to the control grou

Pedestrian crosswalks integration with pedestrian sites

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City and Regional Planning, Izmir, 2002Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 126-133)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxii, 133 leavesDevelopments and changes in transportation systems caused disharmony in urban patterns in general while they have resulted in rapid access opportunities, because both pedestrian and vehicle needs have equally been imposed on existing of urban patterns. Different countries have different approaches for designing the circulation system in the cities depending on their socio-economic structures and political systems. In the developed countries pedestrians are not neglected, on the contrary, they are considered as much as vehicles. Opposed to this, in the developing countries, the pedestrian needs are ignored with respect to security, comfort, convenience, aesthetic, and continuity aspects. Particularly, the disabled are effected heavily from this ignorance. The aim of this study is to develop an optimisation of design criteria for safe pedestrian crossings that link pedestrian areas; and to test these criteria though made a design projects on Adana. The methodology used in the study consists of three steps: Theoretical, analytical, and pragmatical. Theoretical step consists of literature survey, analytical step includes analysis of the selected problem areas as pedestrian crossing, and finally pragmatic step proposes a way of problem system for the pedestrian crossings on D-400 National road in Adana. In this respect, Türkkuşu Junction was selected which has the high volume both vehicle and pedestrian for design

Physical environment and fear of crime: Istanbul Bosphorus frontal view area

Bu çalışma, mekanın fiziksel özelliklerinin bireyin o mekana ait güven duygusunu etkilediği savı ile, mekanda gerçekleşen suça yönelik eylemlerin (nesnel olayların) dağılımıyla o mekanın ne derece güvenli algılandığı arasındaki ilişkinin istatistiksel yöntemlerle incelenmesini ve güven algısı ile nesnel olay dağılımını etkileyen fiziksel çevre faktörlerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılmasını içermektedir. Suça yönelik eylemlerin dağılımına ve güven algısına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak literatürde yer bulan kuramsal yaklaşımların taranması ve amprik çalışmaların incelenmesi sonucunda, ortaya çıkan demografik, sosyal çevre ve fiziksel çevre faktörlerinin suça yönelik eylemler ve güven algısı üzerindeki etkileri, İstanbul Boğaziçi Öngörünüm Alanında sınanmıştır. (1) Alana ait 2007 yılında gerçekleşen suça yönelik eylemlerin (nesnel olayların) dağılımı, (2) aynı bölgede 2008 yılında yapılan anketlerle elde edilmiş olan, alanda yaşayanların sosyal ve demografik yapısı ile mekana yönelik güvenlik duygusu değerlendirmeleri, ve (3) 2010 yılında yapılan anketlerle elde dilmiş olan, alanda yaşamadan yerinde görenlerin veya fotoğraftan bakanların değerlendirmeleri sonucunda ?mekanı nasıl algıladıkları istatistiksel analizlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. İlk olarak, bağımlı değişkenler üzerinde bağımsız değişkenlerin tekil etkileri incelenmiş ve ilişkili bulunan değişkenler belirlenmiştir. İkinci olarak, ilişkili bulunan bağımsız değişkenlerin bağımlı değişken üzerindeki toplu etkisini belirlemek amacıyla çok sayıda istatistiksel model oluşturularak regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, güven duyulan mekanların oluşturulması için gerekli tasarım rehberinin oluşturulmasına yönelik bir altlık teşkil etmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda güven duygusu ile kurbanın görüş açısı ve kaçış olanağı, saldırganın saklanma olanağı, kapalılık, kamu-özel mülkiyete konu alan arası geçiş, bakım, estetik, uyum, çalı yükseklik ve miktarı, duvar yükseklik ve miktarı ve bina yüksekliği arasında ilişki bulunmuştur This study investigates the relationship between distribution of criminal activities (objective events) in an environment and the level of percieved security. With the assumption that physical characteristics of an environment effect the sense of security in an individual, this study identifies and compares the factors of physical environment that effect perception of security and objective distribution of events via statistical tests. The demographical, social and physical environmental factors were identified based on a review of literature on theoretical approaches and empirical studies related to criminal activities and sense of security. Then, the infuence of those factors on criminal activities and sense of security were tested in the Istanbul Bosphorus Frontal View Area. Three types of data were gathered: (1) distribution of criminal activities (objective events) in the forementioned area in 2007, (2) a 2008 survey conducted in the forementioned area to understand the residents? demographic structure, evaluation of physical environmental quality and sense of security, and (3) a 2010 survey conducted in site and in Dokuz Eylül University (via photgraphs of forementioned area) to understand the non-residents? evaluation of physical environmental characteristics and sense of security. The relations between (1) distribution of crime and sense of security and (2) demographical, social and physical environmental factors (independent variables) and sense of security (dependent variable) were analyzed. The influence of each independent variable over dependent variable was tested seperately. The factors which were found to be influential in individual analyses were reclassified to test the infleunce of each factor after accounting for the others via Multiple Lineer Regression analyses. In line with the related environmental psychology literature, physical environmental factors (prospect (line of sight), refuge (hiding places for offender), escape, passages between public and private properties, maintenance, aesthetic, harmony, height and amount of trees, brushes, walls and buildings) were related to sense of security. The results of this study has applied value as the results could be utilized to develop a draft design guidelines to create environments that feel safer

The Influence of Micro Scale Environmental Characteristics on Crime and Fear

This study investigated the relation between crime, fear, and micro level physical environmental features: physical incivilities, places that afford concealment (or refuge), limited prospect, and blocked escape. Low and high crime streets in Istanbul, Turkey was determined. Then 68 streets were selected via cluster random sampling and evaluated by two investigators at the site and by 127 people via photographs for perceived safety, upkeep (as an indicator of physical incivilities) the extent to which they afford wide vista (prospect) and easy escape and concealment opportunities, the density and height of trees, shrubs, and walls. Results supported the theory and the findings of previous empirical studies. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysi

Micro scale environmental characteristics and fear of crime / Eylem Akman Cinar and Ebru Cubukcu

This study investigated the relation between crime, fear, and micro level physical environmental features: physical incivilities, places that afford concealment (or refuge), limited prospect, and blocked escape. Low and high crime streets in Istanbul, Turkey was determined. Then 68 streets were selected via cluster random sampling and evaluated by two investigators at the site and by 127 people via photographs for perceived safety, upkeep (as an indicator of physical incivilities) the extent to which they afford wide vista (prospect) and easy escape and concealment opportunities, the density and height of trees, shrubs, and walls. Results supported the theory and the findings of previous empirical studies

The effects of host species on some biological characteristics of solitary endoparasitoid (Venturia canescens Grav.)

In this study, the effects of three host species on development time, fecundity and adult longevity of parasitoid Venturia canescens Grav. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were investigated. Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used as hosts for V. canescens. Host species had a significant effect on preadult development period of parasitoid. Development time was shortest on P. interpunctella, intermediate on C. cautella and longest on E. kuehniella. The fecundity of V. canescens was influenced by host species. It was higher on C. cautella and E. kuehniella larvae compared to P. interpunctella larvae. Feeding with honey increased the fecundity of parasitoid on all of the host species. For longevity experiments, adult parasitoids were provided by either honey and host, honey and no host, no honey and host, or they were fed on neither honey nor host for their lifetimes. Host species did not significantly affect the longevity of unfed females with no oviposition opportunity and unfed females with oviposition opportunity. However, it significantly affected the longevity of fed females with no oviposition opportunity and fed females with oviposition opportunity. Females without host access lived longest when fed on honey and shorter in the other host access/feeding treatments

Kairomonal response of the parasitoid, Bracon hebetor Say, to the male-produced sex pheromone of its host, the Greater Waxmoth, Galleria mellonella (L.)

Bracon hebetor is a larval ectoparasitoid that utilizes several pests belonging to the family Pyralidae (Lepidoptera) as hosts. In the present study, we analyzed the kairomonal response of this wasp to the male-produced sex pheromone of a host, the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, an economically important pest of honeybees, Apis mellifera. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) revealed three compounds in headspace collections from male G. mellonella that elicited responses from B. hebetor antennae: decanal and the previously identified sex pheromone components, nonanal and undecanal. Y-tube olfactometer tests that used na < ve, mated wasps showed that females, but not males, were highly attracted to (a) male G. mellonella headspace samples, (b) two synthetic blends of nonanal and undecanal (in ratios matching that found in male moth samples), and (c) the two aldehydes tested individually. Further, female wasps did not discriminate between a blend of aldehydes and male G. mellonella headspace. In dose-response trials that used octanal, nonanal, decanal, and undecanal, no difference in EAG responses of the two sexes was observed, except for undecanal at the second highest dose, for which female antennae showed significantly larger responses than did male antennae. When the two binary blends were tested at different doses, female wasps were significantly attracted to the two highest doses (1 A mu g and 10 A mu g), but not to the lowest dose (100 ng). Our results show that females of this economically important parasitoid utilize the male-produced sex pheromone of a host as an indirect cue to guide them to potential oviposition sites